Caixin Weekly | Brain-Computer Interfaces Connected to Reality (AI Translation)

财新周刊｜脑机接口“接入”现实

The concept of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) was pioneered by Jacques Vidal in 1973, exploring the direct communication between the brain and computers using EEG signals. The potential of BCIs expanded over the years, with significant advancements in both non-invasive and invasive technologies, having applications in restoring motor functions and treating disorders [para. 1]. Initially focusing on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, today’s researchers use various BCI technologies to assist paralyzed individuals and treat brain disorders [para. 3].

Advancements in BCI technology include non-invasive methods that require no surgery, using electrodes attached to the scalp to collect brain signals. This approach dominates the market due to its simplicity and safety, though skull conductivity issues present challenges in reading clear signals. Innovations by researchers like Xu Minpeng, who experimented with new paradigms to enhance signal clarity, exemplify cutting-edge non-invasive exploration [para. 9][para. 11]. Xu's work highlights a novel and highly precise method for capturing very weak brainwaves, thus advancing BCI capabilities. His team demonstrated their application by controlling drones and large instruction sets in technological advancements [para. 13][para. 15].

However, the complexity of BCI technology and individual variations in EEG signals present significant challenges. Xu is working to create a universal communication protocol to integrate the latest BCI technologies seamlessly, akin to HTTP for web interactions [para. 19]. At the intersection of artificial intelligence and BCIs, innovative platforms aim to provide standardized tools and frameworks for further research and application development [para. 21].

Invasive BCI procedures, on the other hand, involve more complex methodologies like implanting electrodes directly into the brain tissue. While these methods allow for high precision in capturing brain signals, they come with substantial risks, including surgical complications and potential long-term impacts. High-profile companies like Neuralink are pushing the boundaries with such technologies, but they also face ethical and safety scrutiny [para. 45][para. 47]. Trials like Neuralink’s unprecedented human implant experiments spotlight the richness of potential applications but reveal hurdles like device stability and interaction with brain tissue [para. 57].

Interventional BCI approaches present a less invasive alternative by positioning electrodes within the brain's vascular pathways, thus reducing the need for craniotomies and lessening infection risks. These minimally invasive methods capture clear neural signals and demonstrate promise in animal and preliminary human trials, offering potential breakthroughs in the field [para. 71][para. 75]. Research teams in China, including Duan Feng’s at Nankai University, are making crucial strides with minimally invasive innovations, indicating an evolving landscape for practical BCI applications [para. 87].

Another promising area is the semi-invasive technology, which implants electrodes on the meninges, offering superior signal clarity without directly contacting neurons. This method shows great promise in aiding individuals with paralysis, as demonstrated by Hong Bo’s team at Tsinghua University [para. 99][para. 101]. The accomplishments of patients like Mr. Yang underline the potential of semi-invasive methods in restoring meaningful mobility and sensory functions, marked by notable improvements in functional scores [para. 107][para. 109].

Overall, BCIs represent a converging point of various scientific disciplines, from neuroscience to computational engineering. Continued dialogue and coordinated efforts across sectors are indispensable for addressing the technical and ethical complexities in this promising field. As developments push forward, the trajectory suggests that practical, transformative BCI solutions might one day become integrated into everyday assistive technologies, enhancing the quality of life for individuals with disabilities [para. 111][para. 113].