Cover Story: South Korean President’s Attempt at Martial Law May Hasten His Exit

In a significant upheaval, South Korea witnessed political turmoil when President Yoon Suk-yeol attempted to impose martial law, leading to a six-hour standoff that drew international attention [para. 1]. This controversial move resulted in Yoon’s political isolation and calls for his impeachment, despite his subsequent apology [para. 2]. On December 4, the military surrounded the National Assembly in Seoul, mirroring South Korea’s historical military coups, but without using force [para. 3]. This incident was criticized by both progressive and conservative factions, with many labeling it unconstitutional [para. 4].

The political landscape has shifted drastically for Yoon, who gained prominence after prosecuting former President Park Geun-hye for corruption. Now, Yoon faces a similar fate [para. 5]. Lawmakers from across the political spectrum swiftly acted to revoke the martial law declaration, resulting in significant resignations from senior presidential aides. Yoon then ordered the military to withdraw and terminated martial law officially [para. 6]. Public demonstrations erupted in various cities, urging Yoon to resign and likening his actions to South Korea’s authoritarian past [para. 7].

In an address, Yoon apologized for the unrest caused but managed to avoid impeachment as the ruling party boycotted a parliamentary vote [para. 10]. The situation has raised profound questions about South Korea’s democracy and what preventive measures could be implemented to avert such crises in the future [para. 11].

Historically, martial law has often been utilized in South Korea as a political strategy rather than for genuine emergencies. It allows for significant control over civil rights and legal structures, which past presidents have exploited to consolidate power [para. 20][para. 23]. There are strict regulations governing its declaration, requiring immediate notification to the National Assembly, a step Yoon reportedly bypassed [para. 22]. This has prompted allegations of insurrection against Yoon, potentially leading to severe legal consequences [para. 28].

The crisis also stems from Yoon’s leadership style, marked by unilateral decisions and widening political chasms. His administration faced severe criticism and allegations of cronyism after he appointed numerous officials without parliamentary approval [para. 33]. This issue was exacerbated by his hardline approach during budget negotiations, where he condemned opposition-led budget cuts as "budget tyranny" [para. 42].

Despite attempts at unity, Yoon’s administration has struggled with deep division, culminating in significant legislative paralysis. His approval ratings plummeted to 17% amidst rising inflation and reforms stalling, leaving significant legislative processes at a standstill due to a lack of majority in the parliament [para. 51][para. 52]. Analysts have compared Yoon’s use of martial law to that of former U.S. President Donald Trump's final months in office [para. 54].

The martial law declaration reignited discussions on constitutional reforms to limit presidential powers. Experts suggested adopting a parliamentary system to alleviate legislative deadlock and ensure smoother power transitions [para. 63]. The rapid revocation of martial law was seen as a reflection of South Korea’s historical vigilance against authoritarian power, heightened by current leadership's past as democracy activists [para. 71].

Political analysts predict the end of Yoon’s political career, suggesting that mounting public protests or pressure could lead to his resignation, despite avoiding impeachment for the moment [para. 90]. The situation has drawn international concern, with allied countries postponing visits amid fears of destabilization [para. 108]. Future political stability may hinge on how quickly the impeachment process concludes and whether it results in significant leadership changes [para. 113].